Dear John by Nicholas Sparks Book Review

Dear John is trademark Nicholas Sparks — romantic, sappy, sad, and redeeming. The book revolves around the love story of an army sergeant who falls in love shortly before 9/11. Dear John is one of Sparks most popular stories, and became known to an even wider audience after it was made into a movie in 2010 starring Amanda Seyfried and Channing Tatum.   Summary Dear John  starts in the present day, in terms of the books timeline, with John watching Savannah from afar. He is thinking about how much he loves her and why their relationship dissolved. Lost in a train of thought, John then takes the reader back in time and narrates the story of their love. The whole book is narrated by John, who joined the army to get away from his reclusive father and to straighten out. While he is on leave at home in Wilmington, North Carolina, he meets Savannah. They soon fall in love, but Johns time in the army post-9/11 weigh on the couples relationship. Review There is, unfortunately, not much more to say about the book other than its a predictable love story.  Dear John  has a pretty formulaic plot. Sparks writing is smooth and easy, but the characters are not memorable or complex. Furthermore, the love story is not very realistic. That being said, the characters are likable, if not particularly nuanced, and Johns relationship with his father creates a nice subplot. Although Sparks is one of the first to set the age-old boy meets girl love story in the modern, post-9/11 world, he does not delve into how the war affects the characters. In  Dear John, it could be any war keeping them apart. This specific war is not important. Overall,  Dear John  is a  quick, easy read that is not painful but also not extremely enjoyable to read. If you need  some beach reading, go ahead and borrow it. It will give you a few hours of  escape if nothing else. Recommended for those who like sappy romantic comedies, and at times tragedies, but not for those who like a little meat in their reading.  If you like previous books by Sparks, you will probably enjoy  Dear John.

Comparison Of Newspaper Websites - 848 Words

Looking at the home pages of three major news organizations, the New York Times, The Montreal Gazette, and the Guardian, it can be noted that there are quite a few similarities. All three of the websites have a very similar home page, with large bolded headlines, and pictures. Although all three sites have a tab bar at the top of their webpages, it should be recognized that the tabs of the Montreal Gazette do not contain an easily accessible world news button. Both the New York Times and the Guardian feature both National and World news on their main page. However, the Montreal Gazette features mostly local news and sports related news. It’s fascinating to see how these three major news organizations frame their sites differently. The†¦show more content†¦This is done through the process of framing, which is a term that became popular between the 1970s and the 1990s. In today’s day and age, it is extremely difficult to find sources that don’t contain som e form of bias due to the way an article is framed, practically every news outlet is guilty of agenda-setting and framing. When reading the NY Times’ article on Henry Weinstein it is obvious that there is a potential for bias based on the fact that the investigation that uncovered this information was conducted by the NY Times themselves. â€Å"The sexual harassment allegations uncovered by The Times stretched back decades and came from actresses as well as former employees of the Weinstein Company and Miramax† (Twohey 2017). This article is driven by harsh words and phrases, all highlighting Weinstein’s guilt. Ms. Konner said, this event will â€Å"scare any man in Hollywood using his power for anything but making movies and television.† In the Montreal Gazette, the article focusing on Harvey Weinstein’s sexual assault charges begins with a bold, straightforward title. It is stated right at the start that Harvey Weinstein’s employment with Weinstein Co. has been terminated immediately due to accusations that he has â€Å"Sexually harassed women for decades† (Astor, 2017). The article seems relatively straight to the point at first glance, however, as one continues to read, it can be noticed that the writing style demonstrates a sense of indifference, with vagueShow MoreRelatedThe Attitude Toward The Publication Of Ugc900 Words   |  4 PagesIn terms of the attitude toward the publication of UGC, this dissertation begins by reviewing publication in print. There were 340 community newspaper website managers who answered the question about the importance generally of publishing UGC. Of those 134, 39.4% of respondents stated publishing UGC was very important, 117, which represents 34.4% stated it w as important, only 3 respondents stated that it was unimportant to allow the public the opportunity to submit UGC. Overall, there were 30 respondentsRead MoreMedia Comparison Paper737 Words   |  3 PagesMedia Comparison Paper Since we have had to make choices and distinguish between one thing and another all of our lives, most of us like to see how others make their decisions. We especially appreciate this strategy if it helps us or informs us in some way. This paper is based on the media of comparing a newspaper ad to the internet ad. When you asked us to write a Compare and Contrast paper, I did not exactly know what you meant. After researching both concepts I learned about new things, ourRead MoreUrban vs. Rural Education1412 Words   |  6 PagesEach chapter provided statistics that allowed unbiased comparison of the two social structures, both rural and urban. For example, Rural Teachers and Schools, by Dale Ballou and Michael Podgursky, provided statistical charts comparing ratios of students to teachers, teacher pay, characteristics of full-time teachers, and teacher assessment of school problems and organization, for rural and urban schools. Another essay provided comparisons of achievements scores for both math and reading, and gradesRead MoreThe, The And, And The United Arab Emirates And United States Is Writing About The Isis Situation924 Words   |  4 Pagesthe United States. Methods One of the biggest newspapers in France is France 24, which broadcasts 24 hours a day, seven days a week to 250 million TV households in 177 countries around the world (France 24, 2014). Their website I used to find my articles had 24 million visits a month and its published both in English and French. In United Arab Emirates one of the biggest newspaper is the Khaleej Times, which is an English language newspaper published in the United Arab Emirates (United ArabRead More The Impact of Electronic Media and the Internet on Print Media1550 Words   |  7 Pagesthe print media. This essay will investigate the influence and impact of current technology of the electronic media and World Wide Web on print media, and how future developments in technology will affect the future direction of the traditional newspaper. The way in which â€Å"Bloggers† have influenced traditional journalism will also be explored and how this has affected the journalism profession. In addition, the negative impacts of how the electronic media is being used as a political forum willRead MoreThe Changes in Communication Technology and Media Have Changed the Way News Companies Produce and Distribute Information to the World1045 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Newspapers and Magazines have altered significantly since the late 1990s and continue to change due to the rapid developments of technology. Conversion of newspaper to online, instant access to news and online magazines are considerable changes within the print media industry due the technological advancements since the late 1990’s. News content can now be streamed on any technological device, therefore the news can be now be carried around and checked at anytime and anywhere in theRead MoreInfluence Of Tourism On The Destination Being Advertised By Wendy Hesford And Brenda Brueggemann1652 Words   |  7 PagesTourism websites often glaze over the potential dangers or drawbacks of the destination being advertised as a method to entice travelers to visit. Advertisers provide tourists with both excitement and comfort by balancing the portrayal of differences and similarities between destinations and western-civilization which are both tactics depicted by Wendy Hesford and Bren da Brueggemann in Travelling Gazes: Shaping Mobile Identities. Elements of style are also used in advertisements to lure touristsRead MoreCause of Pollution in Bangkok964 Words   |  4 Pageshave newspaper become an outdated source of information? Consider this question in relation to other forms of media used today to communicate information in a globalised world Newspaper is the source of information for every type of people. Traditionally, Newspaper is a medium of information and the tool for communication. People in every class have to absorb the knowledge and information from the newspaper to connect and have a discussion to other people, so they always buy the newspaper on theRead MoreA Comparison of Two Newspapers758 Words   |  4 PagesA Comparison of Two Newspapers The Sun and the Guardian are very different newspapers, even at a first glance you can see that they are created for different purposes. The guardian newspaper is twice the size of a tabloid newspaper e.g. The Sun. and therefore has twice as much information, than a tabloid. A Tabloid newspaper focuses on the images, and has less information Read MoreThe Current System Of Marketing Houses1431 Words   |  6 PagesFindings 1. How do you currently advertise properties to your clients? (Appendix 1) The employees suggest that half the advertising is conveyed through the Homes Direct website, whereas the other half is nominated through the local authority. This is managed through Company X’s website. This can indicate that one of their main methods of selling properties is through the use of the internet. 2. How would you rate the current system of marketing houses? (Appendix 2) The employees were asked

Essay The Critical Philosophy of Immanuel Kant - 2525 Words

The Critical Philosophy of Immanuel Kant Criticism is Kants original achievement; it identifies him as one of the greatest thinkers of mankind and as one of the most influential authors in contemporary philosophy. But it is important to understand what Kant means bycriticism, or critique. In a general sense the term refers to a general cultivation of reason by way of the secure path of science (Bxxx). More particularly, its use is not negative, but positive, a fact that finds expression in the famous expression, I have therefore found it necessary to deny knowledge to make room for faith (Bxxx). Correspondingly, its negative use consists in not allowing ones self to venture with speculative reason beyond the limits of†¦show more content†¦This interpenetration finds its expression in judgements that are a priori and yet synthetic, on the one hand, and yet synthetic and a priori on the other. Kant thought that he could attain this goal only by way of a changed point of view (Bxvi) referred to as a Copernician revolu tion. On the supposition, thus far considered valid, that all our knowledge must conform to objects (Bxvi), a priori judgements that enlarge Mans knowledge synthetically are impossible. Here, one needs the opposite assumption, according to which we suppose that objects must conform to our knowledge (Bxvi); only in this way we are able to have knowledge of objects a priori determining something in regard to them prior to their being given (ibid.) Consequently, we can know a priori of things only what we ourselves put into them (Bxviii); this means that the process of knowing a priori has to do only with appearances, and must leave the thing-in-itself as indeed real per se, but as not known by us (Bxx). Since, however, all of metaphysics aims at the thing-in-itself, speculative reason, by which, as had been said, we never transcend the limits of possible experience (Bxix), is unable to rise to the metaphysical level. Kants Critique of Knowledge Kant perfects his criticism of knowledge in the Critique of Pure Reason, which moves from transcendentalShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Immanuel Kants Arguements in The Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals†542 Words   |  3 PagesControversies course textbook, Immanuel Kant argues that the view of the world and its laws is structured by human concepts and categories, and the rationale of it is the source of morality which depends upon belief in the existence of God. In Kant’s work, categorical imperative was established in order to have a standard rationale from where all moral requirements derive. Therefore, categorical imperative is an obligation to act morally, out of duty and good will alone. In Immanuel Kant’s writing human reasonRead MoreKantian Ethics And The Categorical Imperative Essay1581 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of Kantian Ethics and critiques In Elements of Pure Practical Reason Book, I, Immanuel Kant, a prominent late Enlightenment Era German philosopher discusses his most famous ethical theory, the â€Å"Categorical Imperative.† The â€Å"Categorical Imperative† is a proposed universal law in stating all humans are forbidden from certain actions regardless of consequences. Although this is the general definition of this ethical theory, the Categorical Imperative† exists in two above formulations, A strictRead More Age of reason Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pagesstudies law but then decides to pursue an independent study of his own ideas (Sartre 132). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;From 1734 to 1737 Hume was busy writing his book, A Treatise of Human Nature, which talked about the problems of thoughtful philosophy (Hampshire 105). However, the public ignored this important piece of work making Hume feel like he was quot;dead-born.quot; After this horrible reaction to A Treatise of Human Nature Hume went back home where he started thinking more about ethicsRead MorePhilosophy Is The Idea Of Knowing One s Mind By Asking The Simplest Question1494 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophy is the idea of knowing one’s mind by asking the simplest questions. It’s a love of wisdom, which originated in Ancient Greece around 2500 BCE. In philosophy, people undertake a journey to discovering and understanding the fundamental truths about; themselves, the world, and relationships both personal and public. Philosophers like Plato believed that our ideas influence the way we live, and therefore offered a simple yet practical approach to wisdo m. As over time, philosophers haveRead MoreThe Age of Reason1424 Words   |  6 Pages David Hume A. Contributions to the Age of Reason B. Who and what influenced him II. Jean Jacques Rousseau A. What he believed in B. Who influenced him III. Claude Adrien Helvetius A. Influences B. Reasons for contribution IV. Immanuel Kant A. How he made a difference B. Why he made a difference C. What caused him to make a difference V. Johann Fichte A. Influences B. Reasons for contribution VI. Johann von Herder A. Contributions B. What caused him to contributeRead MoreImmanuel Kant And Ayn Rand Essay970 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophy is amongst the most difficult and challenging subjects anyone can discuss. Philosophy has changed throughout the years and it can be inquiring and critical. Most philosophers have different theories on how the world should be and there are many issues and questions that arise. What is real; what is truth; what is the good; is the mind something separate from the body; and are we free, or are our actions determined so that we no longer have any control or influence? Immanuel Kant and AynRead MoreThe Most Influential Thinkers Of The German Enlightenment Era1119 Words   |  5 PagesImmanuel Kant was born April 22, 1724 in Kà ¶nigsberg. Kant is considered one of the most influential thinkers of the German Enlightenment era. He could easily be labeled one of the greatest and most important Western philosophers of all time. Kant was born the fourth of nine children to Johann and Anna Kant. His father was a harness maker, and the large family lived a rather humble life. The family practiced Pietism, an 18th-century branch of the Lutheran Church. As a result of this, Kant’s earlyRead MoreThe Evolution of Western Thought Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagesadvancement in all aspects of society. Western thought progressed over time to help build a more intellectual society. Modern philosophers such as Max Horkheimer and Immanuel Kant incorporated their views of Western Thought into their political writings. Western Thought Western thought is defined as the rational and critical inquiry into basic principles. Western thought is often divided into the four main branches of metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics. Metaphysics is theRead MoreEssay on Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804)1093 Words   |  5 PagesImmanuel Kant (1724 - 1804) Author of Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785). The Enlightenment was a desire for human affairs to be guided by rationality than by faith, superstition, or revelation; a belief in the power of human reason to change society and liberate the individual from the restraints of custom or arbitrary authority; all backed up by a world view increasingly validated by science rather than by religion or tradition. (Outram 1995) In the eighteenth centuryRead MoreTranscendentalism and Transcendental Meditation1471 Words   |  6 PagesRomantic philosopher Immanuel Kant. The term refers to the idea that matters of ultimate reality, God, the cosmos, the self transcend, or go beyond, human experience.(www.geocities.com). Transcendental later developed into Transcendentalism, which is The transcending, or going beyond, empiricism, and ascertaining the fundamental principles of human knowledge. Kant (1724-1804) was born and educated in East Prussia. He founded critical philosophy and Transcendental Logic. Kant made significant

The National Incident Management System - 1579 Words

The National Incident Management System is a systematic guideline on how to effectively plan, mitigate, respond and recover, from significant incidences especially those that encompass diverse interest and involves all levels of governments. It works hand in hand with the National Response Framework, which provides structure for incident management while NIMS provide the guide for all departments and agencies at all levels of government, nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector to work flawlessly during incident management to reduce loss of life and property (U. S. Department of Homeland Security, 2008). The core aspect of the National Incident Management System during incident response is the Incident Command System (ICS),†¦show more content†¦Also, there are some challenges involves in mobilizing and deploying response teams in some special incidents. For instance, during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) Incident, there were reports of â€Å"some delay in a chieving a fully functioning, effective and efficient Incident Command System† (Florida Commission on Oil Spill Response Coordination, 2012, P.33). As such some questions like why should city emergency management personnel use the National Incident Management System rather than developing their own command and control system often arises. This paper will try to answer or clarify this question by examining the advantages and disadvantages of the NIMS; endeavor to see if there is any advantages and disadvantages, of developing and using an ad hoc system to manage emergency; And then compare the advantages and disadvantages both systems; finally try to justify the use of the National Incident Management System as opposed to emergency management personnel developing an ad hoc command system for each individual emergency or disaster situation. Advantages of the NIMS The National Incident Management System (NIMS) which was created in 2003 based on existing structures provides framework for all types of incidence throughout the country. It aimed at uniting all those involves in incident management together for a common goal of successful management of incidents. Some notable benefits of NIMS include integration of incident

Molecular Biotechnology In Life Essay Example For Students

Molecular Biotechnology In Life Essay If you have had a can of soft drink, ate a fruit, or took some head ache medicine this morning then its very likely you have used a genetically enhanced product. Genetics is a part of biotechnology that manipulates biological organisms to make products that benefit humankind. Biotechnology is essential in our life, but there are some concerns regarding its safety. Although, biotechnology may pose some danger it is proving to be very beneficial to humankind. The first applications of biotechnology occurred approximately around 5000 BC. Back then people used simple breeding methods. Chains of plants or animals were crossed to produce greater genetic variety. The hybridized offspring then were selectively bred to produce the desired traits. For example, for about 7000 years, corn has been selectively bred for increased kernel size and additional nutrition value. Also, through selective breeding, cattle and pigs have become the major sources of animal foods for human (Encarta 99). The modern era of biotechnology started in 1953 when British biophysicist Francis Crick and American biochemist James Watson presented their double-stranded model of DNA. DNA is an extensive, chain-like structure made up of nucleotides, and in a way it looks like a twisted rope ladder (Drlica 27). In 1960 Swiss microbiologist Werner Arber had discovered restriction enzymes. This special kind of enzymes can cut DNA of an organism at precise points. In 1973 American scientists Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer removed a specific gene from one bacterium and inserted it into another using restriction enzymes. This achievement served as foundation to recombinant DNA technology, which is commonly called genetic engineering. Recombinant DNA technology is a transfer of a specifically coded gene of one organism into bacteria. Further, the host bacteria serve as a biologic factory by reproducing the transferred gene. Today biotechnologys applications are used in a variety of areas. Its used in waste management for creation of biodegradable materials, in agriculture for higher yields and quality, in medicine for production of advanced pharmaceuticals, cloning tissues and curing genetic diseases. However there is a down side to genetic engineering. It deals with dangerous bacteria which could escape the boundaries of a lab and possibly cause epidemics. Moreover, if a transgenic organism escapes, it could eliminate a range of species and thus disrupt natural balance. Since biotechnology is a necessity, some government guidelines were established for strict regulation of recombinant DNA experiments (Encarta 99). Agriculture is the largest business in the world, with assets of approximately $900 billion and about 15 million employees. Back in the 80s, there was a concern, based on population growth rates, that by the turn of the century traditional agriculture would be in a serious trouble (Hanson 68). But due to the revolutionary development of biotechnology during last couple of decades agriculture has drastically advanced. Sensational achievements were made in both plant cultivation and animal husbandry. The modification of plants has become one of the most important aspects in agriculture. Increased crop yields can be achieved through the increase of land, or increased yield per tract. Land is expensive and should be used efficiently, to do so large quantities of fertilizer, herbicides, pesticides and frequent irrigation may be necessary. Due to the increase in petroleum cost prices for nitrogen fertilizers continuously rise. Herbicides and pesticides are considered to be hazardous and very costly materials. Moreover, recurrent irrigation gradually leads to serious damage of the soil due to the salt accumulation. Eventually, increased amounts of salt in the soil result in large losses of crops (Hanson 69). Biotechnology can incorporate genes that are resistant to environmental stress, viruses, and insects. Such modified plants will be resistant to the same factors as the incorporated gene. Crop plants could be genetically engineered to manufacture functional insecticides so that they are immanently tolerant to insects. No hazardous and costly pesticides are needed for such plants resulting in very low crop maintenance costs. Moreover, biological insecticides are highly specific for a range of insects and considered to be harmless to humans and other higher animals (Glick and Pasternak 341). Plant viruses very often attack crops and cause significant damage and loss of crops. .ubb57d44bab166e48e29c6c6ec65918c2 , .ubb57d44bab166e48e29c6c6ec65918c2 .postImageUrl , .ubb57d44bab166e48e29c6c6ec65918c2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubb57d44bab166e48e29c6c6ec65918c2 , .ubb57d44bab166e48e29c6c6ec65918c2:hover , .ubb57d44bab166e48e29c6c6ec65918c2:visited , .ubb57d44bab166e48e29c6c6ec65918c2:active { border:0!important; } .ubb57d44bab166e48e29c6c6ec65918c2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubb57d44bab166e48e29c6c6ec65918c2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubb57d44bab166e48e29c6c6ec65918c2:active , .ubb57d44bab166e48e29c6c6ec65918c2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubb57d44bab166e48e29c6c6ec65918c2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubb57d44bab166e48e29c6c6ec65918c2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubb57d44bab166e48e29c6c6ec65918c2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubb57d44bab166e48e29c6c6ec65918c2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubb57d44bab166e48e29c6c6ec65918c2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubb57d44bab166e48e29c6c6ec65918c2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubb57d44bab166e48e29c6c6ec65918c2 .ubb57d44bab166e48e29c6c6ec65918c2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubb57d44bab166e48e29c6c6ec65918c2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Arpanet (629 words) Essay Recombinant DNA technology offers a few ways to obtain natural virus resistance: viral transmission can be blocked, development of the virus can be blocked, or viral symptoms can be bypassed or resisted (Glick and Pasternak 345). Biotechnology also contributes to the development of plants with higher tolerance to environmental changes. Plants cannot avoid hazardous environmental conditions such as heat, drought, and UV radiation, so they have developed physiological ways to deal with .

Introduction to Application Design

Questions: 1.What are all the steps, in your mind, required to take an app from idea to publication? And what is required during the "publication" stage of the app when you're configuring your app on the App Store? 2. Why does every project need graphics or a graphical designer? and what is the difference between "graphics" and the "user interface"? 3. What is "cross-platform", and why is it common, which type of apps support cross-platform? And can we use web technologies for cross-platform apps explain your answer? 4. What do you see your speciality being? Team lead, programmer, graphical designer, marketer? Or Several of these roles, explain? 5. Why does software always have versions? Why isn't software just written once and left at 1.0 for its entire lifecycle? And in your opinion when it comes to mobile apps what do users expect in terms of updates explain? Answers: 1. Steps which are required to take an application from idea to publication: Step 1: The existing application in the market should be researched: The competitors application should be taken under research. The development of the new application involves the study of the existing application (Johnsons, 2009). Step 2: Measuring the investment on the application: The decision should be taken at the early stage of developing the application in relation with the cost associated with the project. The major aim is to focus on how to achieve the return on investment (Senay, 2015). First method is that the customer should pay for using the application and the second method is that application is available free for the customer to use; the payment is to be taken from banners and advertisement companies. Step 3: Writing of the application Idea: The idea should be written on paper. The designing of the application should be associated with the unique user interface. It should be measured that the written application is able to satisfy the requirement of the customer or not. Step 4: Selection of the right development partner: The non-disclosure agreement should be signed with the partner if the idea of the application in new and unique. From the research it has been analysed that the project should be given to the local company for development because they can give better discount and good quality of the product. Step 5: Project Expectation: The complex application takes 6 to 9 month for completion of the project. Step 6: Promoting the application: The marketing strategy plays an important role for maximising the success of the application. Step 7: How can we help: The end to end services should be provided to the customers. Requirement of the Publication stage: The requirement varies with the platform used for deploying the application. The platform used for deployment can be Android, Apple iPhone, and others. The decision should be taken at the early stage of developing the application in relation with the cost associated with the project. 2. Role of Graphics and Graphics Designers: The graphic design helps in increasing the sale of the application in the market. It helps in keeping the application ahead of its competitors. Graphic design plays an important role in the promotion of the application and developing relationship with the customer. The graphic designer is the art director of the application who works on determining the scope of the project (Belokar, 2012). The responsibilities of the graphic designer are to understand the latest graphic program which can run on the operating system. They develop the strategies to get knowledge about the requirement of the customers. They work on creating the images which helps in identifying the products. The knowledge is accumulated in the area of XML, HTML, and scripting language. Graphical design helps in bringing identity to the corporation. Graphics, audio, and video effects helps in attracting the new customers towards the application. The focus should also be given on colours, font size, text, and layout of the design. Difference Between Graphics and user Interfaces: The user interface is defined as interaction which established between users and machines (Perkins, 2015). The user interface helps in carrying out the operation and controlling the machine. The user interface is the combination of hardware and software components. Graphics are the visual images which are displayed on the computer screen. Graphical user interface is the interaction which makes use of graphics Icon and visual indicators for using and controlling the application. 3. Cross Platform: Cross Platform can be defined as the ability to run the developed application on different platform for writing the code only once (Mark, 2011). Cross platform software are implemented on multiple computing platforms. The cross platform application requires simple exchange of request and response associated with the data. Cross platform software are implemented on multiple computing platforms. The cross platform software is divided into two categories. The first category focuses on compilation of the platform and the other category focuses on running the application on any platform without making any special preparation. It is common because it makes use of abstraction process. The construction of the cross platform software depends on the pre-existing software which allows the hiding of differences which exist between different platforms. The application which can run on different computer architecture and operating system make use of cross platforms. We can use web technologies for cross platform application because they can be accessible by various web browsers which can run on different operating system. The application should use client-server architecture for reducing complexity and functionality of the system (Andrew, 2009). The cross platform application requires simple exchange of request and response associated with the data. Cross platform software are implemented on multiple computing platforms. We can use web technologies for cross platform application because it makes use of abstraction process. 4. I want to be the graphical designer because it is the profession which makes use of graphic design and art. I have efficient skills in the area of typesetting, development of the user interface, illustration, development of the web design, and others. I am well versed in presenting the information which is the core responsibility of the graphical designer. The knowledge is accumulated in the area of XML, HTML, and scripting language. Graphical design helps in bringing identity to the corporation. I can create the images which help in identifying the products. Graphics, audio, and video effects helps in attracting the new customers towards the application. The responsibilities of the graphic designer are to understand the latest graphic program which can run on the operating system. The knowledge of the adobe Photoshop, InDesign, and illustrator play an important role in the profession of graphic designer (Brown, 2011). The focus should also be given on colours, font size, text, an d layout of the design. The graphic designer is the art director of the application who works on determining the scope of the project. Graphic design is an important part of an application because it is used for attracting customers for using the application which results in the enhancement of profit earned by the organization. 5. Software always has Version because it helps in reducing the vulnerabilities associated with the launching of the application over the web. The exposure of application on the network leads to security threats. The development of version works on eliminating the unnecessary customization. The strategies are developed for enhancing the functionality of the proposed application. It also support optimization and maximization related to time and efficiency of the application. The rapid increase in the trends and technologies enforces the updating of the application (Christini, 2011). It helps in making the software compatible with the availability of the updated technologies in the market. The innovation in the software helps in the keeping the application ahead of their competitors. The software is not written just once because the development of the version helps in combating threats of cyber space; unnecessary customization can be eliminated, improving the efficiencies and functionality of the application, and innovation. The strategies are developed throughout the entire life cycle of the project for enhancing the functionality of the proposed application and keeping the application ahead of their competitors. The mobile application needs update because mobile company initially validate their proposed ideas and then added features in the later version of the mobiles. The bugs which occur only limited stock of the mobiles. The requirement of the user changes with time and technology. The functionality and features of the mobile can be enhanced. The need of updating the application arises with the rapid increase of trends and technologies. The launch of a new mobile in the market gives birth to the new security threats. The addition of functions and feature brings a revolution in the mobile and helps in fulfilling the requirement of the customer. References: Johnsons, S. (2009).How to get your application written and published. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.apps-house.com/wordpress/?p=1050 [Accessed 17 Dec. 2016]. Senay, A. (2015).How to publish in scholarly journal. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.elsevier.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/91173/Brochure_UPP_April2015.pdf [Accessed 17 Dec. 2016]. Belokar, R. (2012).What is the difference between GUI and UI. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3191844/what-is-the-difference-between-gui-and-ui [Accessed 17 Dec. 2016]. Perkins, J. (2015). Graphic Design Process. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://1stwebdesigner.com/graphic-design-process-steps/ [Accessed 17 Dec. 2016]. Mark, S. (2011).Evaluating Cross Platform development approaches for application. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www3.nd.edu/~cpoellab/teaching/cse40814/crossplatform.pdf [Accessed 17 Dec. 2016]. Andrew, L. (2009). Analysis of native and cross platform methods for developing application. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.tavant.com/sites/default/files/download-center/Analysis_of_Native_and_Cross-Platform_Methods_For_Mobile_Application_Development.pdf [Accessed 17 Dec. 2016]. Brown, V. (2011).What are the duties and responsibilities of a graphic designer. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://learn.org/articles/What_Are_the_Duties_and_Responsibilities_of_a_Graphic_Designer.html [Accessed 17 Dec. 2016]. Christini, O. (2011). Reasons you need to adopt the latest software. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.ptc.com/~/media/Files/PDFs/Support-Services/Top_5_reasons_to_Adopt.pdf?la=en [Accessed 17 Dec. 2016].

Facilitating Learning Vocabulary Meaning †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Facilitating Learning Vocabulary Meaning. Answer: Introduction Appropriateness refers to whether the word is suitable for the context it is applicable in within the language. It is the fundamental aspect of language but the extreme complex concern in the decision concerning how to spell things depending on understanding what is exactly right as well as the context within the culture. Besides, appropriacy within the use of language remains to be the condition as well as precise fittingness of a particular word or expression to a given context, even when the choice of the word is from the number of close synonyms. The crucial aspects of appropriateness are influenceable by the sociocultural competence as the section of the socialization in the language and other cultures. However, the capacities of people to critic appropriateness correctly do not entail that they will always operate properly (Fujita Satoshi 194). The availability of inconsistent standards in their other languages may guide to mindful or unconscious deviation from the suitable pa tterns within the specific language. Appropriateness in language usage is just the use of words to fit the specified purpose, occasion, or individuals among other factors. Therefore, the main target of this document is to show what is meant by the term appropriateness in language use. In the world of linguistics as well as communication studies, relevance continues to be the extent to which the people perceive utterance to be suitable for the particular function. Appropriateness is also understood to be statements for the specific audience within the specified social setting or context. Appropriateness allows all the speakers regardless of the dialect they speak or tailor their discourse together with choices of linguistics to meet societal convections for interactional along with linguistic relevance. Within the logical perspective, many foreign language programs as well as teaching aids based on the linear model that follows the technique of language appropriateness. For the use of language to be appropriate, an individual require to judge cautiously about their option of words. The selection of words in language use remains to be an essential factor in the communities (Fisher 1). For instance, for the use of language to be appropriate, an individual is not perm ittable to use contractions or shorter forms of words because such words tend to signal informality. The proper selection of words leads to the formation of appropriate language in the formal context. For the essay to achieve appropriateness in the use of language, articles must be clear and straightforward (Comajoan 216). Therefore, individuals must ensure that the choice of words in an essay or speaking must be precise and correct as this makes the written language to be concise. Appropriateness of language use focuses on the use of formal vocabulary and use of appropriate transitions. The appropriateness also concentrates on the need to avoid redundancy as well as making an individual beware of commonly misused words. Appropriateness in language usage aids in convincing readers and listeners that a detailed work is severe and significant (Lu 169). However, improper usages of language use, vague and wrong, the prospects are that listeners or readers could remain puzzled concerning the matter of the spoken words and essay. Therefore, the audience might think that the work by publishers or speakers who use inappropriate language may not be worth listening to or reading. Use of formal vocabulary Appropriateness is the major factor in language usage. Certain words are frequently in daily communication might not seem satisfied for the application in speaking or academic essay. The words that are unsuitable for usage in the academic essay, reports, or memos include the words that are informal and normallyutilized in verbal English only. However, the use of formal language to be appropriateness language use does not denote that it becomes substandard to informal dialect systems (Brown 41). It just refers to that are some words are always more appropriate than other words for use in every writing or speaking contests. Features of informal words that are not appropriateness in language usage include the contradictions, slang words, abbreviations, and cliches, together with colloquialisms among other features. The relevance of language uses that result because of formal vocabulary. The individuals that use formal vocabulary always have the reliable choice of verbs. By the use or selection of active verbs, appropriateness allows most academicians to utilize proper strong verbs to phrasal verbs that include the verb and preposition. The use of verbs and prepositions in forming appropriateness language is always common in the oral or more casual application of English (Scholtz 37). Appropriateness of language use allows the academicians to use the terms such as for establishing instead of setup, tolerate in place of put up with, and produce instead of giving out, along with assembling in place of put together. Additionally, the choice of formal vocabulary depends on the selection of specific verbs. The selection of specific verbs to attain appropriateness in language usage allows people to utilize the diversity of verbs that suits their functions before utilization of some specific words such as say, show, or report all the time. The people are also able to focus on appropriateness in language use by the use of more particular verbs within the academic reporting procedures (Doll et al., 592). Appropriateness of language use allows people to concentrate on the use of critical terms for coveraging what they have collected in their consequential survey such words comprise of claim, assert, illustrate, reasonable, and postulate. Use of appropriate transitions Appropriateness of language use focuses on the ideal application of appropriate changes in the statements. The use of transitions performs the essential roles in the creation of the essays and reports. The use of appropriate transitions assists in the creation of the sense of coherence. Appropriate changes also offer indication for various readers to trail a string of writers or ideas and thoughts of publishers (Bueno-Alastuey et al., 517). Therefore, ideas of choosing the proper transition in language sector that create the logical connection tend to ensure that the audience such as the readers and listeners understand the spoken words or text in the manner the author or speaker had intended. Appropriateness of language use must avoid cases of redundancy. The consistency forms a nark of the best academic work like writing and speaking. The need for writing or speaking effectively by an individual needs the concern of understanding how to write and speak precisely and concisely. The use of various words is vital in conveying what an individual wants to say. Appropriateness of language use ensures that people do not adjoin some vocabulary just to extend their essays as well as to develop imagine terms. Therefore, it is distant most significant to attain the communication of an individual across well (Van Compernolle 51). The aim of achieving appropriateness in language use aid in weeding out redundancy as a person concerning what they have printed is meaningful to full sense they intended to converse. For instance, in paper writing on ideas of euthanasia, the learner can decide to write on the topic about deliberate suicide. Therefore, there is a need for every individual t o understand the commonly misused words that can make the use of language to be inappropriate. Conclusion Every individual has the duty of checking on the use of formal vocabulary, use of appropriate transitions, and avoid redundancy when addressing audiences that consist of readers and listeners. Appropriateness in language use results due to the right choices of words that accurately convey the intended meaning of words. The people within the society must ensure that their transactions create best logical sense as well as enhancing the coherence of the text. However, in some cases, people must be ready to face some states of doubt or confusion. The greatest conduct that individual must rely on achieving appropriateness in language use is the real dictionary that offers the example of right words. The focus on the correct use of language leads to relevance. Works Cited Brown, Lucien. "Questions of Appropriateness And Authenticity In The Representation Of Korean Honorifics In Textbooks For Second Language Learners." Language, Culture And Curriculum, vol 23, no. 1, 2014, pp. 35-50. Informa UK Limited, doi:10.1080/07908310903474246. Bueno-Alastuey, M.C., and M.V. Lpez Prez. "Evaluation Of A Blended Learning Language Course: Students Perceptions Of Appropriateness For The Development Of Skills And Language Areas." Computer Assisted Language Learning, vol 27, no. 6, 2013, pp. 509-527. Informa UK Limited, doi:10.1080/09588221.2013.770037. Comajoan, Lloren. "The Aspect Hypothesis: Development Of Morphology And Appropriateness Of Use." Language Learning, vol 56, no. 2, 2016, pp. 201-268. Wiley-Blackwell, doi:10.1111/j.0023-8333.2006.00347.x. Doll, Jacob A., and Manesh R. Patel. "Self-Regulation In The Era Of Big Data: Appropriate Use Of Appropriate Use Criteria." Annals Of Internal Medicine, vol 162, no. 8, 2015, p. 592. American College Of Physicians, doi:10.7326/m15-0418. Fisher, early years consultant and, Julie. "Transitions: Part 3 - Developmentally Appropriate Practice." Nursery World, vol 2010, no. 7, 2010, Mark Allen Group, doi:10.12968/nuwa.2010.20.7.1094902. Fujita, Atsushi, and Satoshi Sato. "Measuring The Appropriateness Of Automatically Generated Phrasal Paraphrases." Journal Of Natural Language Processing, vol 17, no. 1, 2010, pp. 183-219. Association For Natural Language Processing, doi:10.5715/jnlp.17.1_183. Lu, Minhui. "Effects Of Four Vocabulary Exercises On Facilitating Learning Vocabulary Meaning, Form, And Use." TESOL Quarterly, vol 47, no. 1, 2013, pp. 167-176. Wiley-Blackwell, doi:10.1002/tesq.79. Scholtz, Desire. "The Appropriateness Of Standardised Tests In Academic Literacy For Diploma Programmes Of Study." Language Matters, vol 48, no. 1, 2017, pp. 27-47. Informa UK Limited, doi:10.1080/10228195.2016.1271350. Van Compernolle, Rmi A. "Native And Non-Native Perceptions Of Appropriateness In The French Second-Person Pronoun System." Journal Of French Language Studies, vol 25, no. 01, 2014, pp. 45-64. Cambridge University Press (CUP), doi:10.1017/s0959269513000471. Zhang, Qi. "The Research On The Appropriateness In Teaching Of Chinese As A Second Language." Chinese Language Education And Research, vol 20, 2014, p. 27. Korean Association Of Chinese Language Education, doi:10.24285/cler.2014.12.20.27.

Persuasive Essay About Caesar free essay sample

Breaking the law Good or Bad Many people break the law. Some do it for fun; others do it for personal benefits. However, Julius Caesar broke the law to gain control of Rome. He stated, â€Å" If you must break the law, do it to seize power; in other cases, observe it â€Å". With this statement a person can benefit society heavily if they break the law to seize power with the right intentions. To begin with, breaking the law is not bad if lots of good comes from it. One way is when a country is created from a revolution from another country. Example of this is the United States of America. The USA was a colony of Great Britain back in the day. Much conflict arose between the two and eventually a revolution was started by the colonies. This was technically high treason to Britain, but the USA was able to win and gain its own power and has become one of the greatest countries in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Persuasive Essay About Caesar or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Without a doubt, amazing things can come from breaking the law to obtain power. Some people though might argue that some of the people who seize power become tyrants and dictators. This is true that many dictators have came to power in the world with their own revolution, but many of these leaders are starting to lose their power. Reflection of this were the recent events in Libya and Syria. There are huge revolutions to dethrone the tyrants that are in command. Which again this would be consider treason even though it is beneficial to the people of those countries. As one can see, to seize power by breaking the law is overall a good thing. If a person has the right intentions for society, breaking the law to seize power can be extremely beneficial.

Substance Abuse, Addiction and Dependency among Adolescents

America’s New Free Trade Agreement Essay Example

America’s New Free Trade Agreement Essay Example America’s New Free Trade Agreement Essay America’s New Free Trade Agreement Essay The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), implemented in the year 1994, is meant to remove barriers to trade between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. An important component of this free trade agreement is the member countries’ concern for environmental as well as labor issues, which must be worked on and agreed upon by the member countries. Yet another significant component of NAFTA is that of conflict resolution between the member nations. For this, the free trade agreement outlines procedures (Topulos).Since the time that it was first implemented, NAFTA has proved to be a positive experience for all member countries. In Mexico after NAFTA, poverty rates were reduced, and the real income increased, despite the economic crisis that the country went through during 1994-1995. Experts believe that the free trade agreement has the potential to reduce the poverty of Mexico even further. Trade among member nations has already increased tremendously. Goods produced in the United States, Canada or Mexico, are now distributed simultaneously in all three member countries. Moreover, the Mexican factories that process imported raw materials into finished goods for export have seen a dramatic increase in their income. Trade in other sectors of the Mexican economy has also increased. In the area of agriculture, Mexico has witnessed a steady increase in exports every year since the inception of NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreeme nt). Undoubtedly, NAFTA is expected to benefit Mexico also in the future, just as the benefits of the agreement are being realized more fully today by the United States and Canada. The latter are expected to still increase their benefits of NAFTA with Mexico’s economic development.Given the benefits of NAFTA to the economies of the member countries, and the faith of the United States that it should have firm economic relationships with its neighbors – in December 2003, the United States, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua completed their negotiations on the newest free trade agreement in the region: the Central American Free Trade Agreement or CAFTA (Promoting Trade With Central America And The Dominican Republic). The United States and Costa Rica agreed on the latter’s participation in the new free trade agreement in January 2004. Two months later, the United States concluded negotiations also with the Dominican Republic to integrate the latter int o the CAFTA. This changed the name of CAFTA to DR-CAFTA, or the Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (Costa Rica).The goal of DR-CAFTA was the establishment of a free trade zone, which would be similar to the NAFTA. Thus, the DR-CAFTA removes tarrifs on approximately 80 percent of the U.S. exports to the other member countries (Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement). By so doing, the new free trade agreement makes it especially beneficial for member countries that are economically weak to buy high quality U.S. products and thereby raise their standards of living. What is more, the agreement allows for easy access of goods from member countries into the United States market. Once again, the economically weak member countries are bound to benefit substantially through the new agreement, seeing that they may now have the gigantic U.S. market to sell their products to (Runyon).Other provisions of the DR-CAFTA include: (1) a promise made by the govern ments of all member countries that foreign investment is guaranteed in their respective nations; (2) a gradual removal of all barriers to trade that were initially meant to protect domestic production; (3) no duties on the import of agricultural goods; (4) subsidies on all agricultural goods, except sugar, must be eliminated; (5) intellectual property rights must be maintained; (6) a gradual removal of protectionist barriers in all sectors; (7) national monopolies must be dismantled so as to allow foreign investments to compete equally with the domestic organizations; (8) transnational companies would be given the right to resolve conflicts in private international courts; (9) the environment must be respected, and environmental laws abided by; (10) the major labor standards of the International Labor Organization must be enforced in all member countries; and (11) government corruption must be reduced and eventually eliminated in all member countries, especially the economically wea k ones where corruption is rampant (Dominican Republic).The United States’ economy would benefit by selling tariff-free goods to the member countries of the DR-CAFTA. The DR-CAFTA states would be able to purchase more U.S. goods than before, seeing as the tariffs would have been lifted. It is worthy of note, however, that the combined GDP of the DR-CAFTA states is only 0.5 percent of the GDP of the United States. The quantity of U.S. goods that the DR-CAFTA states would be able to purchase would be limited but naturally. Still, the benefits that these states achieve in the long run through the DR-CAFTA are expected to be greater than the benefits that the United States would be able to realize. This is because the DR-CAFTA states are all economically weaker than the U.S. Thus, positive changes manifested in the economically weak states would appear to be much greater in extent (Runyon).Although the effects of the new free trade agreement between the United States, Dominican R epublic, and five Central American countries, have not been documented as yet, it is believed that once the DR-CAFTA has been fully implemented, the United States would be able to increase its exports to the member countries by approximately 15 percent. U.S. imports are similarly expected to increase by around 12 percent, while the effect on the aggregate output as well as employment in the United States is expected to be little. Hornbeck states: These estimates are in line with expectations made prior to the negotiations that the marginal effects of the DR-CAFTA would be small, but positive for the U.S. economy as a whole, given the DR-CAFTA countries had small and already largely open economies.Once again, the overall benefits of DR-CAFTA would be more clearly visible in the DR-CAFTA states in the long run, just as the case of Mexico and NAFTA reveals greater interest in the benefits of NAFTA to Mexico. Just as NAFTA reduced poverty rates in Mexico, increased trade in the DR-CAFTA nations is expected to reduce poverty rates in these nations. However, it may take a while before the full benefits of DR-CAFTA are realized in these nations. Molly Runyon explains why the full range of benefits of DR-CAFTA would not be immediately visible in the economically weak nations: 1. Costa Rica. Retrieved from ustr.gov/assets/Document_Library/Reports_Publications/2004/2004_National_Trade_Estimate/2004_NTE_Report/asset_upload_file462_4745.pdf. (7 April 2007).2. Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement. Wikipedia (2007). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/. (7 April 2007).3. Hornbeck, J. F. The Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA). Congressional Research Service (2005, July 6). Retrieved from http://price.house.gov/UploadedFiles/CAFTA%207.6.05.pdf. (7 April 2007).4. North American Free Trade Agreement. Wikipedia (2007). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement. (7 April 2007 ).5. Promoting Trade With Central America And The Dominican Republic. The White House. Retrieved from whitehouse.gov/index.html. (7 April 2007).6. Runyon, Molly. Free Trade in Weak States: The Case of DR-CAFTA in Nicaragua. Retrieved from http://fletcher.tufts.edu/research/2006/Runyon.pdf. (7 April 2007).7. Topulos, Katherine. NAFTA. Duke University School of Law (2007). Retrieved from law.duke.edu/lib/researchguides/pdf/nafta.pdf. (7 April 2007).

Continuing divisions between black and minority ethnic (BME) groups still remain a significant social concern, with themes such as the higher likelihood of socio economic deprivation The WritePass Journal

Continuing divisions between black and minority ethnic (BME) groups still remain a significant social concern, with themes such as the higher likelihood of socio economic deprivation Conclusion Continuing divisions between black and minority ethnic (BME) groups still remain a significant social concern, with themes such as the higher likelihood of socio economic deprivation IntroductionConclusionRelated Introduction Continuing divisions between black and minority ethnic (BME) groups still remain a significant social concern, with themes such as the higher likelihood of socio economic deprivation, lower levels of education and increase contact with the criminal justice system than their white counterparts still being highlighted (Bogg, 2010, pg66) It is also clear that these inequalities are inherent within the provision of mental health care services, with the Mental Health Act Commission (MHAC) reports   continuing to highlight the higher rates of detention for BME groups under section 136 of the Mental Health Act 1983 (MHA 1983) (Bogg, 2010). Racism has been argued to be a fundamental cause of inequalities in mental health care and racism within psychiatry derives from the traditions of the discipline, its history, ways of assessing and diagnosing, organisation and its involvement with the powers of state (Fernando, 2010, pg105). There are demonstrable differences in access to preventative care for majority and minority ethnic groups. This is partly because the structure of health services is often cast in the dominant culture’s mould (Bhui, 2002, pg 90). Racism in the provision of psychiatric services derives from the manner in which institutions are constructed and fashioned and the failure by most organisations to confront the inherent and historically determined racism (Fernando, 2010, pg105). Psychiatry, the doctrine concerned with disorders of the mind, is a western tradition developed in western cultures in conjunction with ideas surrounding race and power. The idea that BME groups had inferior brains or defective personalities was a common notion in the 19th century and these ideas were taken on board very easily and naturally by psychiatry and western psychology (Fernando, 2010, pg62). Historical perspectives illustrate the political and social motives which created the definitions of, and policies on mental health issues. The creation of mental health to support the social structure of the time can be best demonstrated by the case of draptomania, an ‘illness’ particular to slaves and whose classic symptom was the ‘irresistible urge to run away from the plantation (Ndegwa et al, 2003, pg90). This demonstrates the element of control issued through the ideas around mental health and the notion of inferior BME groups. Racism is still thought to expressed and felt today in the provision of mental health care and other public services. Research into the structures and organisations of mental health services identified systems of inequalities based on race and is known as institutional racism. In the investigation of Stephen Lawrences death institutional racism was defined as ‘the collective failure of an organisation to provide appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture or ethnic origin. It can be seen or detected in processes, attitudes and behaviours which amount to discrimination through unwitting prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness and racist stereotyping which disadvantage minority ethnic people (Macpherson, 1999). The report found institutional racism in many aspects of the Stephan Lawrence case, including the conduct of the investigation, the treatment of the family, the failure to recognize the murder as racially motivated and the lack of urgency and commitment in the investigation (Singh, 2007, pg363). Since the publication of the Macpherson report institutional racism has been declared to be a problem in the UK National Health Service (NHS). A significant development into the NHS, especially its mental health services being branded as institutionally racist is the inquiry into the death of David ‘Rocky’ Bennett. An inquiry team was set up to examine the care and treatment that Rocky Bennett received before he died after being restrained by up to five nurses (Athwal, 2004).   The inquiry report described the inequalities in mental health services faced by black and minority patients as ‘a festering abscess which is at present a blot upon the good name of the NHS (Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire Strategic Health Authority, (2003) and attributed these inequalities to institutional racism. It can, however, be problematic to use institutional racism to explain the circumstances of Bennett’s death. The failure to train staff in methods of safe restraint and prompt resuscitation cannot be seen as institutionally racist in itself unless some racist intention or process can be identified in this failure, since all patients could suffer as a consequence. However, if fears of black male patients’ inherent violence led to their being restrained more frequently and forcefully, then a racist effect could ensue. But in this case it is the assumption about black violence, rather than the failure in training that constitutes the racism in question. Furthermore assumptions about black violence are held by individuals rather than constituting a feature of the organisation (Bradby, 2010). In 2005, in response to increase awareness of racial discrimination in the psychiatric system, the Department of Health introduced its BME mental health programme through the National Institute for Mental Health in England (Coppock et al, 2010, pg114). The programme aims to improve the mental health care of all people of BME status including those of Irish or Mediterranean origin and east European migrants (DoH, 2005).   However, while this publication accepted most of the recommendation made by the inquiry into the death of Rocky Bennett’s death, it refuted the existence of institutional racism in mental health services. In doing so, it ignores the finding of the Macpherson Report. Such an approach fails to contextualize the various forms of direct and institutional racism in the wider society (Coppock et al, 2010, pg114). ‘Count Me In’ (2007) was a one day census of the NHS hospitals, private mental health hospitals, and learning disability units which contributed to the increasing evidence of ethnic differences in the treatment of mental illness (McKenzie et al, 2007). The survey of 32,023 inpatients on mental health wards in 238 NHS hospitals reported that 2 per cent of patients were from BME groups although they only represent 7 per cent of the population in the UK (MHAC, 2007). It is too simplistic and problematic to blame institutional racism for such a situation and whilst it is the case that Afro-Caribbean’s are over represented, other groups such as the Indian and Chinese communities are underrepresented. Such discrepancies indicate that there may be more to this than the issue of race and ethnicity (McLaughlin, 2007). Nevertheless, it has been argued that a lack of understanding of cultural diversity in the experience and expression of distress leads to the reinforcement of cultural stereotypes which can result in misdiagnosis and negligent care (Coppock et al, 2010, pg113). The Ritchie inquiry into the care and treatment of Christopher Clunis is another high profile inquiry that found the collective failures in psychiatry to an individual from a BME group (Singh, 2007).   Many shortcomings were recorded about the institutional racism that was identified, for example, Clunis’ first visit showed that the ‘opportunity for early diagnosis and possibly effective treatment was lost’ (Ritchie, 1994, pg14) to a desire by social workers ‘not to stigmatise a patient, or label him in any way as a violent or difficult person which was felt might work to his disadvantage’ (Ritchie, 1994, pg19). The enquiry made it clear that there was a tendency among staff repeatedly to ‘postpone decision or actions when difficultly was encountered or perhaps because the patient was threatening and intimidating, and possibly because he was big and black’ (Ritchie, 1994, pg107). This report, it has been argued, reveals institutional racism in practice and demonstrates the risks that many from BME groups face within psychiatry of not being given the correct diagnosis and not being treated assertively enough, simply because of their ethnicity (Singh, 2007). Accusations of institutional racism would appear to be well founded and disparities reflect the way health services offer specific treatments of care pathways according to racial group, and therefore seem to satisfy the well established and widely known definition (McKenzie et al, 2007). However, a closer look at the issue shows the reality to be more complex than it is often reported, and also highlights the danger of pathologising whole communities under the guise of therapeutic aid (McLaughlin, 2007).   The issues argued by Mckenzie and Bhui (2007) that presupposes that treatments are in reality offered on the basis of racial group disallows the possibility that ethnic differences might exist because of other societal factors, which may not be within the control of health services (Singh, 2007). More over it does not consider the possibility that care pathways are not always offered by health services but are sometimes chosen, and sometimes imposed upon patients by legal process es, outside the control of healthcare services (Singh, 2007). However, Mckenzie and Bhui argue that acknowledging the existence of institutional racism can lead to tackling the causes of these racial disparities. Delivering race equality may training may have some impact on disparities in involuntary admissions but because such admissions reflect the combined actions of the criminal justice system, social services and education, a strategy based in mental health services alone is unlikely to be sufficient (McKenzie et al, 2007). Institutional racism and oppressive practices have resulted in increased funding of research into the amount of mental illness amongst ethnic minorities. In the UK, the voluntary sector has emerged as a provider in response to the inflexibility of statutory services and has been charged with the responsibility to develop better services, while the statutory sector remains not only unattractive but aversive to BME service users (Bhui, 2002, pg139).   The strength of specialised services lies in the mandate from service users and the commitment of the voluntary sector and the practitioner’s interest in culturally competent mental health care provision (Bhui, 2003). In contrast, some argue that, whenever BME groups are the focus of discussion, it immediately focuses on the idea of the ‘separate’, ‘different’ and ‘them’ being not part of ‘us’ and therefore requiring ‘special’ attention, outside of the provision of mainstream services (Bhui, 2003). Rather than promoting the needs of BME service users, there is a danger that specialist services can marginalise people from minority ethnic communities even further (Lester et al, 2010, pg193). However, specialist services already exist and are now being adopted in statutory services engage those most disenfranchised by existing models of care. Existing services as a whole do not offer a system of care in which BME groups can expect to receive the least coercive treatment (Bhui, 2003). On the other hand, some commentators argue that the solution for the current problems in the provision of mental health care, must involve the mainstream of psychiatric practice rather than marginal initiatives that emphasise further segregation of minority needs (Bhui, 2003). Conclusion For many commentators, the way forward may actually require a dual approach; working inside mental health services to make them more appropriate for people from minority ethnic communities, while at the same time working outside public sector mental health services to build capacity within black and minority communities and the voluntary sector for dealing with mental ill health (Lester et al, 2010, pg193). To ensure that culturally sensitive services become a mainstream feature of mental health services rather than an optional extra, the majority of commentators emphasise the central importance of training (Lester et al, 2010, pg194). However, by focusing inappropriately on culture and ethnicity at the expense of sound clinical judgments, we risk offering poorer rather than better care to patients from minority ethnic groups (Singh, 2007).

Ecological Meaning essays

Ecological Meaning essays The question that is before us is rather complex: What is my lifes meaning as an ecological being on the Planet Earth? In this essay, I will attempt to explore three aspects of my life, as they pertain to the environment and the ecological footprint that I have left, and while leave in the future. This will be achieved through exploring three important aspects of my life, as they relate to the environment: Consumption, Career, and Speaking Up. The first aspect I will explore of my life, as it relates to my ecological footprint, is consumption. How much we consume, can determine a large portion of our environmental impact. As a consumer, I currently spend little time caring about the impact that my purchases and actions have the environment. Perhaps, one thing that I do is have my groceries put into plastic bags, instead of paper bags. This cuts down on the demand for trees to be cut down, for making paper bags. If everyone used plastic bags, the demand for paper bags would go significantly down, in effect, the demand for trees being cut down could go slightly down. However, the creation of plastic for grocery bags also creates waste, which is harmful for the environment. Therefore, there is no easy answer to even the simplest of choices, as they relate to our environment. Whenever I purchase groceries, I usually dont take into account the materials my groceries are packaged in: tins, plastic, paper, cardboard, there is little difference in my mind. Perhaps, a goal for myself should be to explore which of these options is least harmful for our environment, and strive to purchase my food products that are packaged accordingly. One thing that I do consider when I purchase paper for school and for my printer, is whether or not it is recycled. I always try to purchase items that are recycled. Sometimes, they may cost slightly more, but its worth it. Sometimes I think about this as a long-term investment for my childre...

How Does Paid Employment Affect Your Identity Essay - 3

How Does Paid Employment Affect Your Identity - Essay Example Our identity also changes as our surroundings and our roles in it changes, which then translates that it is also what we chose to prioritise, what we rationally chose to fulfil, and what we may prefer to be concerned about (Martin and Barresi, 2003). In another setting, different kinds of people can come together under one larger and unified group that has similar visions and goals. Often called the organisation, it is both an entity and a concept in itself, which links together identity, power, inequality, freedom and knowledge all under a conceptual framework (Knights and Willmott, 2007). The behaviour and interaction of people working within an organisation is called organisational behaviour. It addresses broadly the interaction of people within all types of organisations like business, government, university and service organisations (Singh, 2010). To understand how an individual would behave in a group setting, there is no magic bullet to solve all kinds of organisational kinds. Also, humans have different identities, which would make the study of organisational behaviour even more erratic and unpredictable, hence the need for a multidisciplinary approach which borrows ideas from behavioural sciences, management and other disciplines (Singh, 2010 and Knights and Willmott, 2007). For example, an individual can be studied without considering the organization. But because the organization influences and is influenced by the individual, there is also the need to study something about the organization (Knights and Willmott, 2007). Organizations influence more or less the lives of many people. They provide rules and regulations (governments), source of income (workplace), where individuals are raised and trained (schools, universities), among others (Griffin and Moorhead, 2010). We can also have multiple roles in different organizations (consumers, employees, suppliers, students, owners, etc.). For that, the study of organizational behaviour is deemed important. In an organization, there are employment relations, hierarchy, a division of labor, as well as a degree of permanence or continuity (Knights and Willmott, 2007). Knowing what a person’s role would be in an organization would dictate his or her roles, which would more or less be the same with persons of the same rank in the ladder. The formation of small groups within an organization helps in affirming the roles of members within a particular rank. It also has a powerful effect on the morale, attitude, motivation and work performance of the group members (Singh, 2010). Members of a group associate themselves with their group and this shapes their attitude and behaviour with regards to the organisation. The formation of such groups, when fully harnessed by the top management, will provide the necessary workforce that would have highly effective members with high performance goals. Thus, the participation in such organisations by individuals with different roles would help in d eveloping and confirming their sense of identity within the group (Knights and Willmott, 2007, and Singh, 2010). In an organizational setting, many cultures and ideas are often taught to all, if not most members. For example, a culture of autonomy implemented in a certain workplace could give a sense of empowerment for their employees since they experience a sense of discretion or freedom

Advertisement Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Advertisement Analysis - Assignment Example In this advert, all the car’s occupants comprise youths who have had an accident though the two teens occupying passenger seats seem to have already died. There is a phone showing incomplete statement, â€Å"We’re already ther†¦.† which afterwards rings; probably their friends are inquiring victims where they have reached once they fail to receive a reply text within the anticipated period (â€Å"Eberhard Productions†). In order to make this advert work effectively, producer chooses to use an extremely catching tune while showing the accident’s severity. Hence, bringing a feeling which normally follows tension sound tracks mostly used in movies to evaluate or show consequences of a calamity especially when victims are trying to come into terms with the reality (â€Å"Eberhard Productions†). The advert also utilizes both continuous and immobile animations features like dented vehicle, tree, passing car as well unconscious children who are lethally injured. Other animations include ringing phone, which has prompted the young woman to cause an accident with an incomplete message though the person they were rushing to meet is calling. It is intriguing how the producer integrates actions in the film to relay his or her message. Instead of the warning statement of texting while driving being at the start of the film, he or she chooses to have it towards the end. These encompass unconscious injured victims, dented car, ringing phone and screaming young woman due to shock of what has befallen them though her shout is not audible in the movie (â€Å"Eberhard

Miranda Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Miranda Act - Essay Example Hence, the entire literature on the impact of the Miranda Act on individuals and law enforcement personnel originates from studies that were carried out during the early years of Miranda (Cassell & Fowles, 1998). Because the more enduring effect of a court resolution is more relevant to academics than its immediate impacts, as expressed by Leo (1996), it is astonishing that no academic has investigated the effect of the Miranda Act in almost three decades. The Miranda Act has been the most contentious and the most condemned case of the Supreme Court in the United States criminal justice (Fridell, 2006). Even though nobody has methodically studied the continuing impacts of Miranda on collective awareness, court cases, or law enforcement methods and behavior, the subject matter of Miranda’s effect is still a root of contention among academics and practitioners (Leo, 1996). Despite the unending debate between liberal and conservative scholars of the Miranda Act, law enforcement personnel have effectively adjusted to the provision of Miranda of ‘pre-interrogation constitutional warnings’ (Leo, 1996, 628) in recent years. A significant portion of the law enforcement community respects the ideals and logic of Miranda and does not challenge its legitimacy anymore. Law enforcement personnel, according to Cassell and Fowles (1998), like detectives and police officers, nowadays have also embraced the legitimacy of the Miranda Act and accepted its importance as a representation of police competence.

CHEM 121 pre-lab Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CHEM 121 pre-lab - Speech or Presentation Example (Hints: volume = area x thickness. 1 mL = 1 cm3) Express your answer in cm2 and in miles2. 7. Let’s assume that your secondary education has led you to rob armored cars. In your latest heist, if you were faced with bags of coins that weighed the same, which bag would you take: pennies, nickels, dimes, or quarters? Which bag contains more money? Important data: a penny weighs 3.09 g, a nickel weighs 4.88 g, a dime weighs 2.25 g, and a quarter weighs 5.68 g. (Naturally, show your work for full credit.) Hint: calculate the monetary density of each coin. Clearly monetary density of dimes is the highest and therefore, I would take the bag containing dimes as it contains more money. However, if I can afford to take one more bag I will not like to leave the quarters bag as well. 8. What would be the effect on your calculated value of the density of water if there was an air bubble in the pipet when you transferred the water into the empty vial? Would the value be higher or lower or would there be no change? Explain your answer If there was an air bubble in the pipet while transferring the water in the vial for density measurement, the measured value of density will be lower than the actual value as the volume has been measured on higher side erroneously due to entrapped air bubble. 9. What would be the effect on your calculated value of the density of water if â€Å"empty† vial had not been completely dried before weighing? Would the value be higher or lower or would there be no change? Explain your answer The measured value of density of water will not be affected in this case as the mass of empty vial is deducted to calculate the mass of the measured volume of water. Therefore, whether the vial was completely dry or not will not affect the

Strategy Recommendation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategy Recommendation - Research Paper Example In addition, businesses sell their products through various online platforms such as e-bay and Amazon. Nike Inc began its operations in September 8, 1969.The Company engages in design, development, marketing and worldwide distribution of apparel, footwear, accessories, equipment and services. The company mainly focuses on manufacturing athletic apparel and footwear. The corporation’s major products offerings include football wear, running gear, and basketball uniform in addition to training and boxing apparel. The company also produces sports apparel for children and other equipment for sport-oriented recreation activities such as swimming, golf, lacrosse, American football and outdoor activities. Nike also manufactures sports accessories like bags (Carty, 2010). The company’s marketing strategy entails promotion activities such as event sponsorships, billboards and television advertisement. It also promotes its products through placement in various reality TV shows across the world. Nike is the largest designer and manufacturer of sports apparel in the world. The company initially specialized in the production of sports footwear. Its current line of production comprises of various types of sportswear such as swimsuits, footwear, training wear, boxing gears and its accessories, football apparel and basketball gear. The company utilizes the internet to market and sell their products. Moreover, it communicates with the consumers on various social network platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and MySpace. Nike Inc also uses Instagram to highlight various updates on their products such as Nike shoe customizations and the enhancement of comfort in its running gear. The internet enables the company to communicate, sell and market its product s easily. Nike Inc uses the internet to enhance its operations in the apparel market, which makes it an excellent case study for the proposal (Knight, 2000). The internet is

A View From The Bridge Essay Example for Free

A View From The Bridge Essay The Play A View From The Bridge by Arthur Miller is set in the 1950s in Brooklyn, America in a small cramped apartment, focusing the audiences attention on to the tension in this household. It is a tragedy about an Italian American man called Eddie Carbone. It is a story of self destruction that Miller suggests is inevitable when a strong man like Eddie defies the standards of what his culture holds to be right and wrong. Eddie and his wife Beatrice have brought up Beatrices niece Catherine. Catherine is now old enough to go out for work. Eddie is very protective over her and is reluctant to let her go out for work. When Beatrices cousins Rodolpho and Marco arrive as illegal immigrants, Catherine falls in love with Rodolpho. Eddie becomes jealous as Catherine moves further away from him but never admits it. Throughout the play Eddie tries to destroy Rodolpho and as a final desperate measure he betrays him and his brother to the authorities. In his community this is unforgivable. Marco is so mad that he finally kills Eddie before he is deported. The play ends with everyone losing something. I found it very difficult to decide who I felt most sympathy for in the play because ultimately, everyone lost something. Eddie dies a sad broken man. Beatrice weeps over the loss of her husband. Rodolpho and Catherine are sorry for Eddies death and Marco is deported and loses his goal of earning money to send home. Eddie is a strong, impulsive man. He acts by instinct and prejudice. He is convinced just by looking at Rodolpho that he is a homosexual and unfit to marry his niece, whom he is over protective of. This becomes clear in his conversation with Alfieri about Rodolpho. Eddie says, he aint right and he also says, Hes a blonde guy. Like platinum. Eddie thinks that Rodolpho is homosexual just because he has blonde hair. He suggests that Rodolpho is weak when he says, I mean if you close the paper fast you could blow him over, showing how he believes Rodolpho is not manly enough to marry his niece. In his mind he neither understands nor admits his true feeling towards Catherine. Alfieri confronts him about this, She wants to get married, Eddie. She cant marry you can she? Eddie is shocked by the suggestion and replies furiously, Whatre you talkin about, marry me! I dont know what the hell youre talkin about! He refuses to admit that his feeling for Catherine is more than fatherly. To him, Alfieris suggestion is absurd and unacceptable. In fact, he is only lying to himself and pushing himself one step closer to his own demise.

The History Of The Augmented Reality In Education

The History Of The Augmented Reality In Education What is Augmented Reality? Augmented reality is a computer system which has the ability to combine the real world and computer generated data. With this system, virtual objects are blended into real footage in real time. Thus, we can imagine the high potential that this technology might have if applied in the field of education. In augmented reality, the computer works as a mirror. With a camera and a black and white printed marker, we transmit to the computer the angle and coordinates about an object. Thus real elements are mixed with virtual elements in real time, and in the same way as in a mirror, the image appears inverted on the screen, which makes orientation a very complicated task. Virtual models can be animated and multiplied. With this technology we are able to create and combine animated sequences in order to control a virtual object and share the interaction with others. In the field of education, we can use this technology to create interactive 3-D books that respond to changes in the angle of observation. From the beginning, the advertising companies were the first to use this system using interactive web based augmented reality applications. Because of its potential, augmented reality will be widely applied in fields such as architecture, surgery, simulations, geology and ecology among others. How it Works? The basic process of creation in augmented reality is to create virtual models that will be stored in a database. After this, the model will be retrieved from the mentioned database, rendered and registered into the scene. Sometimes, this process implies serious difficulties in many area applications. The virtual content must be stored on the database and also published as printed material, containing an index to our database. This communication to the database increases the complexity of the virtual model as final work. To avoid these difficulties, is necessary to fully encode our virtual content in a bar code, which is not understandable to a human without using a specific augmented reality system. When captured by an AR system, the virtual models are then extracted from the incoming image. Embedding > Acquisition > Extraction > Registration > Rendering The virtual model is created and printed. This printed representation is then acquired by the augmented reality device. After, the virtual models are extracted from the acquired image. Finally, the virtual models are registered onto the scene and after rendered. Besides adding virtual objects into the real world, AR must be able to remove them. Desirable systems would be those that incorporate sound to broaden the augmented experience. These systems should integrate headsets equipped with microphones to capture incoming sound from the environment, thus having the ability to hide real environmental sounds by generating a masking signal. Characteristics of Augmented Reality Haptic Technology The main goal of AR is the interactivity between the user and virtual objects. HT it is the system that allows the user to have tactile experiences within immersive environments. With this system the user interacts with the virtual environment through an augmented system. To bring realism to these interactions, the system must allow the user to feel the touch of surfaces, textures and the weight and size of virtual objects. With haptic devices, mass can be assigned to virtual elements so that the weight and other qualities of the object can be felt in the fingers. This system requires complex computing devices endowed with great power. Furthermore, the system must recognize the three-dimensional location of fiducial points in the real scene. Position-Based Augmented Reality For correct compensation between the virtual and real image, the system must represent both images in the same frame of reference by using sensitive calibration and measurement systems to determine the different coordinate frames in the AR system. This system measures the position and orientation of the camera with respect to the coordinate system of the real world. These two parameters determine the world-to-camera transform, C. We can quantify the parameters of camera-to-image, P, by calibrating the video camera. Finally, the third parameter, O, is computed by measuring the position and orientation of the virtual object in the real world, being rendered and combined with the live video. Computer Vision for Augmented Reality Augmented Reality uses computer vision methods to improve performance. Thus, the system eliminates calibration errors by processing of the live video data. Other systems invert the camera projection to obtain an approximation of the viewer pose. Recently, a mixed method uses the fiducial tracking, which is combined with a magnetic position tracking system that determines the parameters of the cameras in the scene. Currently, the problems of camera calibration are solved by registering the virtual objects over the live video. Animation If we want an AR system to be credible, it must have the ability to animate the virtual elements within the scene. Thus, we can distinguish between objects moving by themselves and those whose movements are produced by the user. These interactions are represented in the object-to-world transform by a multiplication with a translation matrix. Portability Since the user can walk through large spaces, Augmented Reality should pay special attention to the portability of it systems, far from controlled environments, allowing users to walk outdoor with comfort. This is accomplished by making the scene generator, the head-mounted display and the tracking system capable of being autonomous. What are the Differences between Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality? While AR enriches the user ´s view of the world by creating interactive virtual objects and introducing them in our real world, VR systems immerse us in a virtual world that completely replaces the real world outside. Natural environments contain important information that can not be simulated by computer. To augment the information from the real world, it is better to integrate the virtual elements within the natural environment, so that the users feels fully immersed. To achieve this goal we need a system that incorporates these elements in the most efficient way. This system will need to continually send stimuli to the user to perceive that sense of immersion. In addition, changes made by the user shall be correctly interpreted by the system, in this way the virtual elements will be incorporated with their changes in the real environment. Any inconsistency between the real an virtual parts will result in a disconnection between virtual elements and their position in the real world. Virtual environments require real-time response to display a high level of realism, which implies the need for high power AR systems to introduce the user in a perfect immersive experience. This system must correctly analyze the user ´s movements to determine how they will affect the scene. Comparison Against Virtual Environments Augmented Reality requires three basic subsystems compared to Virtual Reality: Scene generator: Since the virtual environment completely replaces real world, it will need higher technical requirements than those of Augmented Reality. On the other hand, AR doesn ´t need to realistically reproduce the virtual items to be perceived integrated into the scene. Display device: While VE uses colour systems in all its applications, with AR is sufficient to use monochrome screens, thus consuming fewer resources and energy. Tracking and sensing: In this field, Augmented Reality is more stringent in its requirements that those for virtual environment systems. Mixed Systems: Augmented Simulation AUGSIM is the combination of Augmented Reality and Seamless Simulation. This combination augments the real world with computer entities and actions, thus be used in virtual training and gaming. Thus, through AR we can experience virtual sounds and images in our real world. What graphical systems does Augmented Reality use? The standard HMD provides the user total immersion in the virtual environment. To achieve this isolation, the system must use video cameras to obtain an accurate view of the physical world Some AR researchers work with two types of Head-mounted displays to increase the sense of immersion inside the scene. These two systems are the following. Optical See-Trough HMD In Augmented Reality, Head-Mounted Displays show an improved world in front of the user ´s eyes. These portable computers with an integrated video camera, detect real world situations, allowing the user to perceive the real world together with specific information generated by the computer. OST eliminates the channel that captures images of the real scene. Thus, the merging of virtual and real world is carried out optically in front of the viewer, with a similar system to Head-Up display. Video See-Through Augmented Reality Display This system has the same configuration as the monitor-based display and requires a system to merge the real and virtual video channels into a single image. The video camera provide the user ´s view of the real world. After, graphic images are combined with the video by the scene generator, merging the real world with the virtual objects. Finally, the result is sent to the monitor. This convergence is achieved through a system known as video keying. While the first channel is called the key, the other is the background. The video composition can be done through: Chroma-keying. The background of the images is set to a special colour, which none virtual objects use. After this, the combining set replaces colour areas, inserting the corresponding parts from video of the real world. At last, virtual objects are superimposed over the real world. Depth Information. This method combine the real and virtual images by pixel-by-pixel depth analysis. Advantages and Dissadvantages of Optical and Video Approaches Both systems have advantages and disadvantages. Since both work with video cameras to capture images of the real world, there may be errors of timing during the merging operation. With the optical see-through system, is not possible to compensate for delay errors. These errors must be compensated by correctly timing of the other parts of the system. In both monitor-based and video-see through systems, the video camera is capturing images from real world. Access to these images can be and advantage if the system analyzes the video data. After this, the system will extract tracking information through position sensors on the HMD. Simplicity: In addition to optical blending is cheaper and easier than video blending, it must not deal with video streams where images from the virtual and real world are separated. Both images must be perfectly synchronized to avoid errors of temporal distortion. Resolution: Video blending has a very limited resolution of both real and virtual images. Optical see-through has a higher resolution in its screen, making the viewer ´s image of the real scene not reduced. Safety: While a lack of energy makes the video see-through head-mounted displays stop issuing images, optical see-through continues showing a perfect view of the real world. No eye offset: Video see-through puts the camera view where the user ´s eyes are. Differences between these locations introduces distortions between the virtual and real view. VST can avoid this problem by using mirrors to create another optical paths so that the user has the feeling of getting real image without displacement. Through this system, the cameras can see what the user ´s eyes see without the use of a head-mounted display. Moreover, video blending offers some advantages over optical blending: Flexibility in composition strategies: Video see-through has advantage over optical see-through because it mixes better virtual and real objects, obscuring in a better way both elements in the real scene. VST can also simulate transparencies between these elements on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Wide field-of-view: VST optimally solves the distortion errors caused by optical systems, by using processing techniques that don ´t distort the captured image. Real and virtual view delays can be matched: VST reduces problems caused by mismatches of time between virtual and real images. The view through a head-mounted display, provides an instantaneous view of the real scene, while the view of the virtual objects is displayed with a delay. With VST systems, is possible to delay the real world view to match the virtual image view. Additional registration strategies: Video blending provides additional information through the digitization of real world scene. This system uses additional resources for a better registration of optical approaches. Easier to match the brightness of real and virtual objects: Optical approaches are used in assembly and repair of many systems because of the cost and security they provide. Moreover, these system save time and labour, which represents a great saving by companies. Focus and Contrast In a video-based system, the images from the real and virtual world must be projected at the same distance by the monitor or head-mounted display optics. To overcome the mismatches on the video camera ´s depth-of-field, the graphics must be rendered simulating a limited depth-of-field. Moreover, would be advisable for the video camera had an autofocus lens. To achieve good contrast, the brightness of the real and virtual elements must be correctly matched, because if the real scene is too bright, can wash out the virtual view. On the other hand, if the real environment is too dark the virtual image could wash out the real world scene. What are the Applications of Augmented Reality? Finger Tracking Using this technology, the computer can visually track the user ´s finger, witch functions as a digital pen, a mouse or other devices. Annotation and visualization Augmented reality could be used to annotate objects, public spaces and environments with any kind of information. This information could be public or private. AR is useful to aid visualization tasks. For example, we could be able to look out a window and see how an imaginary new building would change or view of the real world. Augmented Museum In museums, the Head-Mounted Display detects the ID of the picture, generating a description of it. Moreover, the HMD identifies which picture the user is looking at, displaying specific information on the screen. Manufacturing, Maintenance and Repair This system can also be used in assembling and repair of mechanical, electronic and electrical parts. Thus, a user can point at parts of an engine model and the augmented reality system displays the name of the part and shows how to repair it. These instructions help us to understand an equipment, superimposing 3D drawing upon it. AR could be used for assembly, maintenance and repair of equipment in aircrafts, printers, engines and automobiles among others. Future AR systems will include complex animations that will show the mechanic how to repair in the most efficient way. Medical In surgical operations, AR provides an internal view of the patient. This visualization could aid in training for surgery, through ultrasound images, Computed Tomography scans or MRI scans that provide an useful view of the patient in real time. With this system, the information is captured by sensors and displayed on the patient, thus showing exactly where to perform the operation. These virtual drawings show in an easy and graphical way the tasks that need to be done and how to do them efficiently. With ultrasound imaging, for example, the doctor can view a three-dimensional virtual image of the fetus overlaid on the abdomen of the pregnant woman. Moreover, AR could guide doctors to find the site of a tumour during needle biopsies. AR devices can also be used to help in problems related to Parkinson ´s Disease. Future applications of Augmented Reality in the medical field will be craniofacial surgery visualization and guide in reconstructive surgery. Ultrasound-Guided Breast Biopsy In the field of surgery, ultrasound-guided breast biopsy has been used for diagnosis, and to guide for needle localization in lesions prior to biopsy. AR systems helps the doctor in cyst aspiration providing a three-dimensional image to guide the needle to the right place. Entertainment Nowadays, Augmented Reality is used in weather reports by changing computer-generated maps. Thus, the real image is augmented using the technique of chroma-keying. Furthermore, special techniques have been developed to insert advertisements into certain areas of a specific place during the broadcast. We often see 3D advertising in football games promoting products or services. These images are perfectly integrated using reference points in the stadium. Using this system, production costs are reduced by creating virtual sets than can be stored in a database. Military The arms industry has long used displays in cockpits to the pilot in their flight helmet. Through the use of HMDs, the activities of other units participating in the exercise can be seen by the pilot. Augmented reality can be used in aerial reconnaissance by markings in certain geographical areas. These markings add information that will be analyzed by the control command, providing a way to aim the aircraft ´s weapon. Engineering Design Using AR systems, we can display virtual prototypes to our clients, thus the client can walk around the display analyzing its different elements and discussing the necessary changes on it. This allows a real interaction between the designer and client. Robotics Augmented Reality displays can assist the user to guide remote robots. In these systems, the user uses a three-dimensional visualization which augments the information from the real world, providing guidance in geographical spaces. Consumer Applications Augmented Reality can be used in many areas of daily life. There are a wide variety of computer programs that assist the homeowner in remodelling projects to see how the changes will affect the different parts of a house. AR may also benefit the fashion and beauty industry. For example cloth stores could have stored in a database different clothing that we could wear virtually. In beauty shops, we could see how a new hair style would look in us. What Devices are Used in Augmented Reality? Hanheld Devices Augmented Reality complements mobile computing systems for optimal integration of virtual elements within real world. Nowadays wearable AR devices are too expensive, complex, fragile and hard to carry for most people. However AR systems have proven advantages in a wide variety of fields such as engineering design, manufacturing, maintenance and repair, virtual navigation, entertainment, mobile construction and others. The creators of AR systems combined the integration of a small computer with mobile devices so that users could carry them on their backs, while graphical augmentations were shown to them through Head-Mounted Displays. Despite the initial success of this system, its price remains extremely expensive and is very difficult to maintain. Because of this set of problems, developers began to think in the use of lightweight wearable devices equipped with cameras such as PDAs or mobile phones. AR Wearable Computers Mobile Phones Cellular phones are very useful because of their portability, adequate processing power and local network connectivity, but their small display size and low memory make them a very limited device for AR applications. Tablet PCs Although Tablet PCs don ´t have the limitations of mobile phones, are too expensive and extremely heavy for single handed. PDA Is the optimal platform for the Hanheld AR framework. Its interface is very intuitive and its size and weight are optimal. Moreover, its processor and RAM memory are increasingly sophisticated. What are the Major Challenges for Augmented Reality Systems? The biggest problem facing the AR today, is how to combine the virtual elements with the real world in an augmented environment, keeping the user in the illusion that the virtual elements are part of the real world. To get a good combination of these elements, we must beware of the following relationships: Object to world O: Transforms the orientation and position of virtual elements with respect to to coordinate system of the real world. World-to camera C: Defines the position of the video camera that captures the real scene. Camera to image plane P: Creates a 2D image with the information obtained from the 3D scene. This requires that relationships between physical and virtual elements must be optimal. The errors between these relationships, make the user perceive differences in appearance between real world objects and virtual elements, due to synchronization errors. These virtual elements, must interact with the user in the real world as natural as possible. The solution to these problems would be to create a system that would eliminate the differences in perception between the real world and its augmentation. What does Augmented Reality for Education? The use of Augmented Reality in school promotes teamwork and allows viewing of three-dimensional models to students, which facilitates the task of learning through a fun and interactive process. Likewise, this system can be applied to a wide variety of learning areas outside the educational field. Among the reasons that make AR attractive to be applied in educational centers, we find, among others, the interaction between virtual and real environments, the easy manipulation of objects within the virtual environment and the ease of movement from one space to another in real time. Through the use of HMDs, AR promotes team communication, showing the possible gestures and other communication signals from the students of the group. All this information is viewed by students on their screen, which facilitates interpersonal communication. This allows this form of collaboration to be seen more as a face-to-face communication than an isolated communication through displays on the HMD screen. In these collaborative environments, the information taken from the real world is socially shared in the virtual space. The advantage of using AR systems instead of other technologies, is that results highly intuitive for people who have no experience with other computer systems. Thus, even the youngest students can enjoy a fun interactive experience. Fantasy Interfaces Little children often fantasize about being actors in a fairy tale. With AR, we can make this fantasy a reality, by using a book with markers that acts as primary interface. Thus, we can turn the pages, read the text, and we can see also three-dimensional animations that tell us the story better. These 3D models are embedded in the page of the book so the child can see the animations from any point of view, moving it from different angles. These animations can be adapted to any size of book, so that reading becomes a very fun and immersive experience. These systems can be used at any educational level, making the learning process a very engaging task. To apply this system successfully, educators should collaborate with the developers of these applications to find the best way to apply it in school environments. Future directions Future monitoring systems will be more robust, and will incorporate mixed media to remedy the mistakes of registration. These systems will fully reproduce the scenes in real time within the HMD. Moreover, future AR systems will offer users the ability to walk great outdoor spaces. To achieve this, these systems will have to evolve towards better portability. To a greater sense of immersion, these systems should also incorporate 3D sound systems. As for the political and social dimensions, through the gradual introduction of Augmented Reality in the daily tasks of our live, it will be more accepted by people. Gradually, we will see that this system allow the users to make their work easier and faster instead of been seen as a system that replaces human workers. Conclusion Augmented Reality is less technologically-advanced than Virtual Reality Systems, but by contrast, AR is much more commercial. Nowadays, AR can be found in research laboratories and academic centers. The next development of AR will be initially on the aircraft manufacturing. In the other hand, its introduction to the medical field, will take longer than in other areas. AR will probably be used in medical training before than surgery. Another area where AR will develop strongly in the coming years will be in tours through outdoor environments by wearing a Head-mounted display, facilitating the development of advanced navigation systems and visualizations of past and future environments. These systems will make the orientation a much easier task. AR systems will also include 3D maps displaying information about the elements we ´re looking at, and their dimensions, and will show the easiest way to reach that destination. Regarding the application of AR in education, the lesson will be better understood by visualizations of history, geography, anatomy and sciences in general that will make the learning process much more easier. After solving the basic problems of Augmented Reality, advanced virtual elements will be developed that will be perceived as realistic as the real world. To achieve this purpose, the conditions of lighting, texturing, shading and registration will be almost perfect, so we will wear a pair of glasses outdoors that will show us realistic virtual elements with which we will interact normally.